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Greek · Greek letters

Greek Alphabet

Greek is written in its own 24-letter alphabet, left to right, with a capital and a small form of every letter; small sigma has a second form, ς, used only at the end of a word. It is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets, so many letters look familiar, but a few look English and sound different (Β says v, Η says i, Ν says n, Ρ says r, Υ says i, Χ says h). Greek has no digits of its own in daily life: it uses 0–9, and the old letter-numerals (Αʹ Βʹ Γʹ) appear only for ordinals. Spelling is not one letter per sound: η ι υ ει οι all say i and ο ω both say o, so the pack teaches the two-letter sounds as well as the 24 letters. Every word of two or more syllables has one acute accent over the stressed vowel, but words written in capitals, as on signs, usually have none. Sounds use the lessons' spelling: the stress accent on the stressed vowel (egó, aftós), i for η ι υ ει οι, e for ε αι, o for ο ω, ou for ου, d for δ (really the th of 'this'), th for θ, h for χ, y or g for γ (y before e and i), ks for ξ, ps for ψ, and b / d / g for μπ ντ γκ at the start of a word but mb / nd / ng inside it.

Practice Greek Letters Free

Flashcards for every letter, and Draw The Letter: trace and draw each one with your finger. Free, no account needed, no ads.

Letters 1–8 (Α–Θ)

Α αaálfa · a as in 'father' (short)αγορά (agorá) market
Β βvvíta · v as in 'vase' (not b)βιβλίο (vivlío) book
Γ γg / ygáma · before a, o, u a soft, throaty g (like Dutch g); before e and i it is y as in 'yes'γάλα (gála) milk; γεια (yia) hello
Δ δddélta · th as in 'this' (the lessons write it d)δωμάτιο (domátio) room
Ε εeépsilon · e as in 'bed'ελιά (eliá) olive
Ζ ζzzíta · z as in 'zoo'ζεστός (zestós) hot
Η ηiíta · i as in 'machine' (same sound as ι and υ)ήλιος (ílios) sun
Θ θththíta · th as in 'think'θέλω (thélo) I want

Letters 9–16 (Ι–Π)

Ι ιiyóta · i as in 'machine'ιδέα (idéa) idea
Κ κkkápa · k as in 'sky' (a little softer before e and i)καφές (kafés) coffee
Λ λllámda · l as in 'leaf'λεωφορείο (leoforío) bus
Μ μmmi · m as in 'map'μέρα (méra) day
Ν νnni · n as in 'net'νερό (neró) water
Ξ ξksxi · x as in 'box'ξενοδοχείο (ksenodohío) hotel
Ο οoómikron · o as in 'more' (short and pure)όνομα (ónoma) name
Π πppi · p as in 'spin'πορτοκάλι (portokáli) orange (the fruit)

Letters 17–24 (Ρ–Ω)

Ρ ρrro · r tapped or rolled, as in Spanish 'pero'ρύζι (rízi) rice
Σ σssígma · s as in 'sun'; z before a voiced consonant (as in σμ); ς at the end of a wordσταθμός (stathmós) station
Τ τttaf · t as in 'star'τιμή (timí) price
Υ υiípsilon · i as in 'machine'; also the second half of αυ and ευύπνος (ípnos) sleep
Φ φffi · f as in 'fan'φαρμακείο (farmakío) pharmacy
Χ χhchi · like ch in Scottish 'loch' (before e and i softer, like h in 'hue'); the lessons write it hχέρι (héri) hand
Ψ ψpspsi · ps as in 'lips'ψωμί (psomí) bread
Ω ωooméga · o as in 'more' (same sound as ο)ώρα (óra) hour
ςsfinal sigma · the form of σ used only at the end of a word; same sound sκαφές (kafés) coffee

Two-letter sounds

αιedigraph · e as in 'bed' (the same sound as ε)παιδί (pedí) child
ειidigraph · i as in 'machine' (the same sound as η, ι, υ)εισιτήριο (isitírio) ticket
οιidigraph · i as in 'machine'οικογένεια (ikoyénia) family
υιidigraph · i as in 'machine'; rare, mostly in formal wordsυιός (iós) son (formal; everyday: γιος yiós)
ουoudigraph · u as in 'flute' (the lessons write it ou)μουσείο (mousío) museum
αυav / afdigraph · av before a vowel or a voiced consonant (β γ δ ζ λ μ ν ρ), af before a voiceless one (κ π τ ξ σ φ χ θ ψ)αυγό (avgó) egg; αυτός (aftós) he
ευev / efdigraph · same rule as αυ: ev before a vowel or a voiced consonant, ef before a voiceless oneευχαριστώ (efharistó) thank you; μαγειρεύω (mayirévo) I cook
ηυiv / ifdigraph · same rule as αυ and ευ; rare, only in a few formal or older wordsηύρα (ívra) I found (older form of βρήκα); unverified
γγngtwo gammas · ng as in 'finger'αγγλικά (angliká) English (language)
γκg / ngat the start of a word a hard g as in 'go'; inside a word ng as in 'finger'γκρι (gri) grey; άγκυρα (ángira) anchor
μπb / mbat the start of a word b as in 'bar'; inside a word mb as in 'number'μπύρα (bíra) beer; λάμπα (lámba) lamp
ντd / ndat the start of a word d as in 'dog'; inside a word nd as in 'sand'ντομάτα (domáta) tomato; άντρας (ándras) man
τσtsts as in 'cats'τσάι (tsái) tea
τζdzdz as in 'beds'τζατζίκι (dzadzíki) tzatziki

Accents and signs

ά έ ή ί ό ύ ώá é í í ó í óstress accent (tonos) · the little slanting mark over a vowel says: stress THIS syllable. Every word of two or more syllables has exactly one; one-syllable words have none (except ή 'or', πού 'where', πώς 'how'). The accent never changes the vowel's sound, only which syllable is louder. Words written in capitals, as on signs, usually have no accentμάτι (máti) eye
άástressed alpha · a as in 'father', said louderμάτι (máti) eye
έéstressed epsilon · e as in 'bed', said louderέχω (ého) I have
ήístressed eta · i as in 'machine'; the word ή 'or' keeps its accent to tell it from η 'the'ή (í) or
ίístressed iota · i as in 'machine', said louderτιμή (timí) price; ίσως (ísos) maybe
όóstressed omicron · o as in 'more', said louderόχι (óhi) no
ύístressed upsilon · i as in 'machine', said louderνύχτα (níhta) night
ώóstressed omega · o as in 'more', said louderευχαριστώ (efharistó) thank you
ϊ ϋi / i (separate)diaeresis (dialytika) · two dots mean the vowel is said on its own, not joined to the vowel before it (so αϊ is a-i, not e)προϊόν (proión) product; Αϊτή (aití) Haiti
ΐ ΰí / í (separate)diaeresis and stress accent together · the vowel is said on its own and is the stressed one; rareευφυΐα (efiía) intelligence; unverified
;question markGreek question mark · looks like an English semicolon but ends a questionΜιλάτε αγγλικά; (miláte angliká?) Do you speak English?
·semicolon / colonano teleia (raised dot) · the Greek semicolon and colon: a pause between two parts of a sentenceΠάμε· είναι αργά. (páme; íne argá) Let's go; it is late.
σ’ απ’ μ’s' ap' m'apostrophe (ypostrofi) · replaces a vowel dropped before a word that starts with a vowel; the two words are said as one: σε → σ’, από → απ’, με → μ’σ’ αγαπώ (s’ agapó) I love you
Αʹ Βʹ Γʹone · two · threeletter-numerals · a letter with a small mark (keraia ʹ) at its upper right is a number: Αʹ = 1, Βʹ = 2, Γʹ = 3, Ιʹ = 10, Κʹ = 20, Ρʹ = 100; used like Roman numerals for ordinals, not for ordinary counting (which uses 0–9)Φίλιππος Βʹ (Fílippos Défteros) Philip II

Look-alikes (say something else)

Βvlooks like English B, says vΒΕΝΖΙΝΗ (venzíni) petrol
Ηilooks like English H, says iΗΜΕΡΑ (iméra) day
Νnlooks like English N, says n (the small letter ν looks like v)ΝΕΡΟ (neró) water
Ρrlooks like English P, says rΡΥΖΙ (rízi) rice
Υilooks like English Y, says iΥΠΟΓΕΙΟ (ipóyio) underground, basement
Χhlooks like English X, says h (like ch in 'loch')ΧΑΡΤΗΣ (hártis) map
βvlooks like a b, says vβράδυ (vrádi) evening
ηilooks like an n, says iμήνας (mínas) month
νnlooks like a v, says nνύχτα (níhta) night
ρrlooks like a p, says rρούχα (roúha) clothes
υilooks like a u or v, says iσύντομα (síndoma) soon
χhlooks like an x, says h (like ch in 'loch')χρόνος (hrónos) time, year
ωolooks like a w, says oωραίος (oréos) beautiful

Signs & menu words

ΕΙΣΟΔΟΣísodosentrance, way inover doors of shops, museums, metro and car parks
ΕΞΟΔΟΣéksodosexit, way outgreen sign over doors and in the metro
ΤΟΥΑΛΕΤΕΣtoualétestoiletscafés, stations, beaches
ΑΝΔΡΩΝandrónmen's (of men)on the toilet door
ΓΥΝΑΙΚΩΝyinekónwomen's (of women)on the toilet door
ΑΝΟΙΧΤΟanihtóopenshop and café doors; also written ΑΝΟΙΚΤΟ
ΚΛΕΙΣΤΟklistóclosedshop doors, museums, ferry offices
ΩΘΗΣΑΤΕothísatepushglass and shop doors
ΕΛΞΑΤΕélksatepullglass and shop doors
ΑΣΤΥΝΟΜΙΑastinomíapolicepolice stations and cars
ΝΟΣΟΚΟΜΕΙΟnosokomíohospitalroad signs and building fronts
ΦΑΡΜΑΚΕΙΟfarmakíopharmacyshops with a green cross
ΣΤΑΘΜΟΣstathmósstationtrain, metro and bus stations
ΑΕΡΟΔΡΟΜΙΟaerodrómioairportroad signs and airport buildings
ΛΕΩΦΟΡΕΙΟleoforíobusbus fronts and bus shelters
ΤΑΞΙtaksítaxiroof sign on a cab and at taxi ranks
ΣΤΑΣΗstásistop (bus stop)bus and tram stops
ΕΙΣΙΤΗΡΙΟisitírioticketticket machines and ticket offices
ΤΑΜΕΙΟtamíocash desk, ticket officemuseums, shops, stations
ΑΦΙΞΕΙΣafíksisarrivalsairport boards
ΑΝΑΧΩΡΗΣΕΙΣanahorísisdeparturesairport boards
ΚΙΝΔΥΝΟΣkíndinosdangerwarning signs, construction sites
ΑΠΑΓΟΡΕΥΕΤΑΙ ΤΟ ΚΑΠΝΙΣΜΑapagorévete to kápnismano smokingrestaurants, shops, public buildings
ΑΠΑΓΟΡΕΥΕΤΑΙ Η ΕΙΣΟΔΟΣapagorévete i ísodosno entrygates, staff areas, construction sites
ΝΕΡΟnerówaterbottles and kiosks
ΤΣΑΪtsáiteacafé menus
ΚΑΦΕΣkaféscoffeecafé menus and signs
ΜΠΥΡΑbírabeermenus, bars, fridges
ΨΩΜΙpsomíbreadbakery signs and menus
ΚΟΤΟΠΟΥΛΟkotópoulochickentaverna menus
ΨΑΡΙpsárifishtaverna menus and fish shops
ΧΟΡΤΟΦΑΓΟΣhortofágosvegetarianmenus and food labels
ΤΙΜΗtimípriceshop windows and menus
ΔΩΡΕΑΝdoreánfree (no charge)museums, toilets, buses on some days
ΠΑΡΑΛΙΑparalíabeachroad signs and beach bars
ΚΕΝΤΡΟkéndrocentre (city centre)road signs pointing to the town centre

Basic Greek phrases