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Arabic · Verb Tables · Intermediate

Qaraʾa / yaqraʾu Conjugation

قَرَأَ / يَقْرَأُ (qaraʾa / yaqraʾu) means "to read" in Arabic. Present: أنا (anā) أَقْرَأُ (aqraʾu), أنتَ (anta) تَقْرَأُ (taqraʾu), أنتِ (anti) تَقْرَئِينَ (taqraʾīna), هو (huwa) يَقْرَأُ (yaqraʾu), هي (hiya) تَقْرَأُ (taqraʾu), نحن (naḥnu) نَقْرَأُ (naqraʾu). Below: all 16 tenses we teach, with examples.

Present المضارع المرفوع (al-muḍāriʿ al-marfūʿ)

The present (imperfect) stem takes a person prefix and, for 'you (f.)' and the plurals, a suffix, plus the indicative ending -u (dropped in casual speech). Covers English simple present and present continuous alike ('I write' / 'I am writing') — Arabic does not force a choice between them.

أنا (anā)أَقْرَأُ (aqraʾu)
أنتَ (anta)تَقْرَأُ (taqraʾu)
أنتِ (anti)تَقْرَئِينَ (taqraʾīna)
هو (huwa)يَقْرَأُ (yaqraʾu)
هي (hiya)تَقْرَأُ (taqraʾu)
نحن (naḥnu)نَقْرَأُ (naqraʾu)
أنتم (antum)تَقْرَءُونَ (taqraʾūna)
هم (hum)يَقْرَءُونَ (yaqraʾūna)

Present continuous

Arabic has no separate progressive verb form; ongoing action is normally just the plain present above. To stress 'right now', speakers instead use the active participle (ism al-fāʿil, here kātib 'writing') as the predicate; it agrees like an adjective (gender/number), not by person, so 'I' and 'you (m.)' share the masculine form shown here and 'she' takes the feminine kātibatun.

أنا (anā)أَنَا قَارِئٌ (anā qāriʾun)
أنتَ (anta)أَنْتَ قَارِئٌ (anta qāriʾun)
أنتِ (anti)أَنْتِ قَارِئَةٌ (anti qāriʾatun)
هو (huwa)هُوَ قَارِئٌ (huwa qāriʾun)
هي (hiya)هِيَ قَارِئَةٌ (hiya qāriʾatun)
نحن (naḥnu)نَحْنُ قَارِئُونَ (naḥnu qāriʾūna)
أنتم (antum)أَنْتُمْ قَارِئُونَ (antum qāriʾūna)
هم (hum)هُمْ قَارِئُونَ (hum qāriʾūna)

Simple past الماضي (al-māḍī)

The past (perfect) stem takes only suffixes for person, gender and number; there is no prefix. Used for any completed action, corresponding to both English simple past ('I wrote') and, in most contexts, present perfect ('I have written').

أنا (anā)قَرَأْتُ (qaraʾtu)
أنتَ (anta)قَرَأْتَ (qaraʾta)
أنتِ (anti)قَرَأْتِ (qaraʾti)
هو (huwa)قَرَأَ (qaraʾa)
هي (hiya)قَرَأَتْ (qaraʾat)
نحن (naḥnu)قَرَأْنَا (qaraʾnā)
أنتم (antum)قَرَأْتُمْ (qaraʾtum)
هم (hum)قَرَءُوا (qaraʾū)

Imperfect (past habitual/ongoing)

No single-word imperfect exists; it is built with kāna (to be, conjugated in the past) followed by the plain present tense of the main verb. Matches English 'was writing' or 'used to write'.

أنا (anā)كُنْتُ أَقْرَأُ (kuntu aqraʾu)
أنتَ (anta)كُنْتَ تَقْرَأُ (kunta taqraʾu)
أنتِ (anti)كُنْتِ تَقْرَئِينَ (kunti taqraʾīna)
هو (huwa)كَانَ يَقْرَأُ (kāna yaqraʾu)
هي (hiya)كَانَتْ تَقْرَأُ (kānat taqraʾu)
نحن (naḥnu)كُنَّا نَقْرَأُ (kunnā naqraʾu)
أنتم (antum)كُنْتُمْ تَقْرَءُونَ (kuntum taqraʾūna)
هم (hum)كَانُوا يَقْرَءُونَ (kānū yaqraʾūna)

Present perfect

MSA does not distinguish 'I wrote' from 'I have written' morphologically — both are the simple past. The particle قد (qad) placed before the past verb adds the nuance of a completed action with present relevance ('have indeed done'), common in news and formal writing.

أنا (anā)قَدْ قَرَأْتُ (qad qaraʾtu)
أنتَ (anta)قَدْ قَرَأْتَ (qad qaraʾta)
أنتِ (anti)قَدْ قَرَأْتِ (qad qaraʾti)
هو (huwa)قَدْ قَرَأَ (qad qaraʾa)
هي (hiya)قَدْ قَرَأَتْ (qad qaraʾat)
نحن (naḥnu)قَدْ قَرَأْنَا (qad qaraʾnā)
أنتم (antum)قَدْ قَرَأْتُمْ (qad qaraʾtum)
هم (hum)قَدْ قَرَءُوا (qad qaraʾū)

Pluperfect

Built with kāna (past) + قد (qad) + the past-tense main verb. Matches English 'had written'.

أنا (anā)كُنْتُ قَدْ قَرَأْتُ (kuntu qad qaraʾtu)
أنتَ (anta)كُنْتَ قَدْ قَرَأْتَ (kunta qad qaraʾta)
أنتِ (anti)كُنْتِ قَدْ قَرَأْتِ (kunti qad qaraʾti)
هو (huwa)كَانَ قَدْ قَرَأَ (kāna qad qaraʾa)
هي (hiya)كَانَتْ قَدْ قَرَأَتْ (kānat qad qaraʾat)
نحن (naḥnu)كُنَّا قَدْ قَرَأْنَا (kunnā qad qaraʾnā)
أنتم (antum)كُنْتُمْ قَدْ قَرَأْتُمْ (kuntum qad qaraʾtum)
هم (hum)كَانُوا قَدْ قَرَءُوا (kānū qad qaraʾū)

Near future المستقبل القريب (al-mustaqbal al-qarīb)

Formed by attaching the prefix سَـ (sa-) directly to the present-tense verb. Used for something the speaker sees as fairly soon or certain — the everyday way to say 'will'.

أنا (anā)سَأَقْرَأُ (sa'aqraʾu)
أنتَ (anta)سَتَقْرَأُ (sataqraʾu)
أنتِ (anti)سَتَقْرَئِينَ (sataqraʾīna)
هو (huwa)سَيَقْرَأُ (sayaqraʾu)
هي (hiya)سَتَقْرَأُ (sataqraʾu)
نحن (naḥnu)سَنَقْرَأُ (sanaqraʾu)
أنتم (antum)سَتَقْرَءُونَ (sataqraʾūna)
هم (hum)سَيَقْرَءُونَ (sayaqraʾūna)

Simple future المستقبل (al-mustaqbal)

Formed with the separate word سوف (sawfa) before the present-tense verb instead of the attached سـ. Textbooks treat it as interchangeable with the near future, just a shade more formal or more distant/emphatic.

أنا (anā)سَوْفَ أَقْرَأُ (sawfa aqraʾu)
أنتَ (anta)سَوْفَ تَقْرَأُ (sawfa taqraʾu)
أنتِ (anti)سَوْفَ تَقْرَئِينَ (sawfa taqraʾīna)
هو (huwa)سَوْفَ يَقْرَأُ (sawfa yaqraʾu)
هي (hiya)سَوْفَ تَقْرَأُ (sawfa taqraʾu)
نحن (naḥnu)سَوْفَ نَقْرَأُ (sawfa naqraʾu)
أنتم (antum)سَوْفَ تَقْرَءُونَ (sawfa taqraʾūna)
هم (hum)سَوْفَ يَقْرَءُونَ (sawfa yaqraʾūna)

Future perfect

Built with سَـ + kūn (the future of kāna) + قد (qad) + the past-tense main verb. Matches English 'will have written'; mainly seen in formal or written registers.

أنا (anā)سَأَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأْتُ (sa'akūnu qad qaraʾtu)
أنتَ (anta)سَتَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأْتَ (sa-takūnu qad qaraʾta)
أنتِ (anti)سَتَكُونِينَ قَدْ قَرَأْتِ (sa-takūnīna qad qaraʾti)
هو (huwa)سَيَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأَ (sa-yakūnu qad qaraʾa)
هي (hiya)سَتَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأَتْ (sa-takūnu qad qaraʾat)
نحن (naḥnu)سَنَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأْنَا (sa-nakūnu qad qaraʾnā)
أنتم (antum)سَتَكُونُونَ قَدْ قَرَأْتُمْ (sa-takūnūna qad qaraʾtum)
هم (hum)سَيَكُونُونَ قَدْ قَرَءُوا (sa-yakūnūna qad qaraʾū)

Conditional

MSA has no distinct conditional mood. 'Would' in a statement (often reported speech, 'he said he would write') is expressed with kāna (past) + the sa- future: kāna sa-yaktubu, literally 'he was going to write'. Real hypothetical 'if... would' sentences use a different construction (see Conditional sentences in Grammar).

أنا (anā)كُنْتُ سَأَقْرَأُ (kuntu sa'aqraʾu)
أنتَ (anta)كُنْتَ سَتَقْرَأُ (kunta sataqraʾu)
أنتِ (anti)كُنْتِ سَتَقْرَئِينَ (kunti sataqraʾīna)
هو (huwa)كَانَ سَيَقْرَأُ (kāna sayaqraʾu)
هي (hiya)كَانَتْ سَتَقْرَأُ (kānat sataqraʾu)
نحن (naḥnu)كُنَّا سَنَقْرَأُ (kunnā sanaqraʾu)
أنتم (antum)كُنْتُمْ سَتَقْرَءُونَ (kuntum sataqraʾūna)
هم (hum)كَانُوا سَيَقْرَءُونَ (kānū sayaqraʾūna)

Conditional perfect

A heavy, mostly written/bookish compound — kāna (past) + sa-akūnu (future of kāna) + qad + the past main verb — for 'would have written'. In practice, most speakers avoid it and rephrase with a لو (law, 'if only') hypothetical sentence instead (see Conditional sentences in Grammar).

أنا (anā)كُنْتُ سَأَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأْتُ (kuntu sa'akūnu qad qaraʾtu)
أنتَ (anta)كُنْتَ سَتَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأْتَ (kunta sa-takūnu qad qaraʾta)
أنتِ (anti)كُنْتِ سَتَكُونِينَ قَدْ قَرَأْتِ (kunti sa-takūnīna qad qaraʾti)
هو (huwa)كَانَ سَيَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأَ (kāna sa-yakūnu qad qaraʾa)
هي (hiya)كَانَتْ سَتَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأَتْ (kānat sa-takūnu qad qaraʾat)
نحن (naḥnu)كُنَّا سَنَكُونُ قَدْ قَرَأْنَا (kunnā sa-nakūnu qad qaraʾnā)
أنتم (antum)كُنْتُمْ سَتَكُونُونَ قَدْ قَرَأْتُمْ (kuntum sa-takūnūna qad qaraʾtum)
هم (hum)كَانُوا سَيَكُونُونَ قَدْ قَرَءُوا (kānū sa-yakūnūna qad qaraʾū)

Present subjunctive المضارع المنصوب (al-muḍāriʿ al-manṣūb)

The present stem changes its final ending (marfūʿ -u becomes manṣūb -a, and the nūn of taktubīna/taktubūna/yaktubūna is dropped) after linking particles: أَنْ (an, 'to', joining two verbs), لَنْ (lan, 'will not' — the standard way to negate the future), and كَيْ/لِكَيْ (kay/likay, 'so that') or حَتَّى (ḥattā, 'in order to/until') for purpose.

أنا (anā)أَنْ أَقْرَأَ (an aqraʾa)
أنتَ (anta)أَنْ تَقْرَأَ (an taqraʾa)
أنتِ (anti)أَنْ تَقْرَئِي (an taqraʾī)
هو (huwa)أَنْ يَقْرَأَ (an yaqraʾa)
هي (hiya)أَنْ تَقْرَأَ (an taqraʾa)
نحن (naḥnu)أَنْ نَقْرَأَ (an naqraʾa)
أنتم (antum)أَنْ تَقْرَءُوا (an taqraʾū)
هم (hum)أَنْ يَقْرَءُوا (an yaqraʾū)

Negative past (with lam) المضارع المجزوم (al-muḍāriʿ al-majzūm)

The jussive drops the present tense's final short vowel or nūn ending. Placed after لَمْ (lam, 'did not'), it is the standard formal way to negate a past action — more common in writing than negating the perfect verb with مَا.

أنا (anā)لَمْ أَقْرَأْ (lam aqraʾ)
أنتَ (anta)لَمْ تَقْرَأْ (lam taqraʾ)
أنتِ (anti)لَمْ تَقْرَئِي (lam taqraʾī)
هو (huwa)لَمْ يَقْرَأْ (lam yaqraʾ)
هي (hiya)لَمْ تَقْرَأْ (lam taqraʾ)
نحن (naḥnu)لَمْ نَقْرَأْ (lam naqraʾ)
أنتم (antum)لَمْ تَقْرَءُوا (lam taqraʾū)
هم (hum)لَمْ يَقْرَءُوا (lam yaqraʾū)

Conditional (with in) المضارع المجزوم (al-muḍāriʿ al-majzūm)

After إِنْ (in, 'if'), both the if-clause verb and the result-clause verb take the jussive. This is the main B1–B2 way to build a real, likely conditional ('if you do X, Y will happen'), corresponding to English 'if + present, will + verb'.

أنا (anā)إِنْ أَقْرَأْ (in aqraʾ)
أنتَ (anta)إِنْ تَقْرَأْ (in taqraʾ)
أنتِ (anti)إِنْ تَقْرَئِي (in taqraʾī)
هو (huwa)إِنْ يَقْرَأْ (in yaqraʾ)
هي (hiya)إِنْ تَقْرَأْ (in taqraʾ)
نحن (naḥnu)إِنْ نَقْرَأْ (in naqraʾ)
أنتم (antum)إِنْ تَقْرَءُوا (in taqraʾū)
هم (hum)إِنْ يَقْرَءُوا (in yaqraʾū)

Imperative (affirmative) الأمر (al-amr)

Built from the jussive stem: drop the person prefix, and if the stem then starts with two consonants, add a helping alif (اُ-/اِ-) at the front, pronounced with a short u or i. Only exists for the three 'you' forms; other persons use a linking particle instead (e.g. لِيَكْتُبْ, li-yaktub, 'let him write' — not covered at this level).

أنا (anā)—
أنتَ (anta)اِقْرَأْ (iqraʾ)
أنتِ (anti)اِقْرَئِي (iqraʾī)
هو (huwa)—
هي (hiya)—
نحن (naḥnu)—
أنتم (antum)اِقْرَءُوا (iqraʾū)
هم (hum)—

Imperative (negative) النهي (an-nahy)

Negative commands are not a separate verb form: they are simply لَا (lā, 'don't') plus the jussive of the same 'you' forms used in the affirmative imperative, unlike English, which reuses the plain verb ('write' → 'don't write').

أنا (anā)—
أنتَ (anta)لَا تَقْرَأْ (lā taqraʾ)
أنتِ (anti)لَا تَقْرَئِي (lā taqraʾī)
هو (huwa)—
هي (hiya)—
نحن (naḥnu)—
أنتم (antum)لَا تَقْرَءُوا (lā taqraʾū)
هم (hum)—

Examples

أَقْرَأُ الْجَرِيدَةَ كُلَّ صَبَاحٍ
aqraʾu al-jarīdata kulla ṣabāḥin
I read the newspaper every morning.
هَلْ قَرَأْتِ هَذَا الْكِتَابَ مِنْ قَبْلُ؟
hal qaraʾti hādhā al-kitāba min qablu?
Have you read this book before? (to a woman)

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