Language Trip

Conjugation › Japanese › Ossharu

Japanese · Verb Tables · Advanced

Ossharu Conjugation

おっしゃる (ossharu) means "to say" in Japanese. Non-past, plain (dictionary form): 私 / あなた / 彼 / 彼女 / 私たち / あなたたち / 彼ら (watashi / anata / kare / kanojo / watashitachi / anatatachi / karera) おっしゃる (ossharu). Below: all 21 tenses we teach, with examples.

Non-past, plain (dictionary form) 辞書形・非過去形

Base form; states habitual actions, general truths, and future events. Also the citation/dictionary form of the verb.

Non-past, polite 丁寧形（〜ます）

ます attaches to the ます-stem (連用形) for the polite non-past; used in nearly all speech to non-intimates.

Past, plain た形

Formed by attaching た to the same stem used for the te-form (with the same 音便 sound changes for godan verbs); marks a completed action or past state, and is also used for "have done X" experience with こと.

Past, polite 丁寧形（〜ました）

ました replaces ます for a completed polite action.

Negative, non-past, plain ない形

The ない-form: drop the final u-row kana of a godan verb and add あない (with う→わ), or drop る from an ichidan verb and add ない; states that something is not/will not be done.

Negative, non-past, polite 丁寧形（〜ません）

ません replaces ます for the polite negative.

Negative, past, plain なかった形

Replace the final い of the ない-form with かった; "did not do".

Negative, past, polite 丁寧形（〜ませんでした）

ませんでした is the polite past negative, used in all polite registers (there is no shortened polite equivalent).

Te-form て形

The connective form: links clauses ("do X and then Y"), makes polite requests with ください, and is the base for the progressive, permission (てもいい) and prohibition (てはいけない). Godan verbs undergo 音便 sound changes (く→いて, ぐ→いで, う/つ/る→って, ぬ/ぶ/む→んで, す→して).

Progressive (plain / polite) 〜ている・〜ています

て形 + いる/います expresses an action in progress ("is doing"), a resulting state ("is open"), or with habitual verbs a repeated action; casual speech contracts it to 〜てる.

Volitional, plain 意向形（〜う・〜よう）

Godan verbs shift the final kana to the お-row and add う; ichidan verbs drop る and add よう; する→しよう, 来る→来よう. Used alone ("let's...") or before と思う ("I plan to...").

Conditional ば 仮定形（〜ば）

Godan verbs shift to the え-row and add ば; ichidan verbs drop る and add れば; general/logical condition, "if... (then generally)".

Conditional たら 〜たら形

Past-tense form + ら; the most versatile conditional, covering "if" and "when" for a specific one-time situation, and usable before commands, invitations and questions (unlike と).

Conditional なら 〜なら形

Dictionary form (or noun/adjective) + なら; comments on or reacts to a premise, often reordering the natural sequence ("if you're going, I'll come too"), and can also mean "if it's about...".

Conditional と 〜と形

Dictionary form + と; an automatic, mechanical or habitual "whenever X happens, Y always follows" (natural laws, directions, habits); cannot be followed by a command, invitation or request.

Imperative (blunt, affirmative) 命令形

Godan: shift to the え-row; ichidan: drop る and add ろ (or literary よ); する→しろ／せよ (せよ is literary); 来る→来い. Direct and often harsh; used in emergencies, sports, signs and fiction.

Prohibitive (blunt) 〜な 禁止形（〜な）

Dictionary form + な; a blunt "don't do", common among men and in casual/rough speech, signs, and fiction.

Polite request 〜てください 〜てください

て形 + ください; the standard, polite way to ask someone to do something.

Humble 謙譲語

Regular pattern: お + ます-stem + する／いたす. Common verbs use irregular suppletive forms instead (shown here for these verbs where they exist).

Masu-stem (continuative) 連用形

The bare stem before ます, たい, なさい, or another verb in a compound; also used to join two clauses in written/formal style instead of the て形 (立ち上がり、話し始めた).

Dictionary form (citation form) 辞書形

The plain non-past form, used as the headword in dictionaries and before こと/の/前に to turn the verb into a noun-like phrase.

Examples

Learn Japanese Free

Practice Ossharu and every other verb with flashcards and verb drills in the Language Trip app and website. Free, no account needed, no ads.

All Japanese verb tables · Basic Japanese phrases